Difference between offer and invitation to offer is?

 

 

Answer:

An offer / proposal are necessarily for the formation of an agreement. Section 2(a) of Contracts Act 1950 said when person signifies to another his willingness to do / to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to act / abstinence, he is said to make a proposal and invitation to treat means an invitation to make an offer.

A) There are many distinguishing between offer and invitation to treat. The first distinguishing is from meanings. Offer is an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed, the offeree. Invitation to treat different with offer it means an invitation to make an offer. An invitation to treat is not an offer, but an indication of a person's willingness to negotiate a contract. Based on the case:

COELHO v. THE PUBLIC SERVICES COMMISSION[1964] M.L.J.12

In this case, the applicant, a Health Inspector under the Town Board, Tanjong Malim, applied for the post of Assistant Passport Officer in the Federation of Malaya Government Oversea Missions advertised in the Malay Mail dated 19 February 1957. Consequently, the applicant was informed that he was accepted and, after undergoing training, he was posted to the Immigration Office, Kuala Lumpur, where he remained until December 1958 when he was transferred to the Immigration Office at Johor Bahru.

On 5 November 1959, the Secretary to the Public Services Commission in a letter addressed to the applicant as 'Assistant Passport Officer on Probation' informed him that, following a report from the Controller of Immigration concerning his conduct in the irregular issue of certain passports, disciplinary action was being taken against him with a view to his dismissal. The applicant made representation as invited by the said letter and, on 24 December 1959, the applicant was informed that the respondent had decided that he should not be dismissed but that his appointment on probation be terminated forthwith by payment of one month's salary in lieu of notice.

The applicant now moved the court for an order of certiorari to quash the decision of the respondents on the grounds of error in law, want of jurisdiction, and failure to observe the principles of natural justice. (An order of certiorari is an order of the court directing that something be done; in this case, the court order applied for was one directing that the decision of the respondents be overturned).

It was held that:

1. That the Malay Mail advertisement was an invitation to qualified persons to apply and the resulting applications were offers.
2. The information conveyed to the applicant was an unqualified acceptance to join the overseas mission and he so understood it.

B) Second distinction between offer and invitation to treat is an offer maybe made orally in writing or by conduct such as example of an offer made by conduct is where a customer in a supermarket chooses goods and hands them to the cashier, who then accepts the customer's offer to buy. Invitation to treat may made by displaying goods in shop windows, on shelves, advertisement, tender / auction or a statement of price. Based on the case of:




PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN v. BOOTS CASH CHEMIST LTD[1953] 1 A11 ER 482.

In this case the Defendant was being charged for failing to comply with one of the Great Britain Laws, i.e. The Pharmacy and Poisons Act, 1933 which stated that it was illegal to sell specified poisons without under supervision by registered pharmacist. The Defendant operated self-service shop where a customer may select any goods, which were being display in the shop. When the customer has picked the goods, after that, the payment was to be made at the cashier's desk. At the cashier's desk, the operator of the shop can't stop the transaction since the display of goods as regarded as proposal and when the customer picked the goods as regarded as acceptance, therefore, the self-service shop failed to comply the above-said law.

The self-service shop operated according to the above-said law display of goods only be regarded as invitation to treat and the customer was the one who made the proposal. Later on, at the cashier's desk a registered pharmacist supervised the transaction and was given authority to refuse the contract of sale, if violated any provisions in the above-said law.

It was held that the Defendant was not made an illegal sale since display of goods only be regarded as invitation to treat and the customer was the one who made the proposal. Later on, at the cashier's desk a registered pharmacist supervised the transaction and was given authority to refuse the contract of sale, if violated any provisions in the above-said law.

C) Another is an offer have a termination. There is based on counter-proposal, by using notice of revocation, lapse of time, by failure of acceptor to fulfill a condition precedent to acceptance and by the death of mental disorder of the proposer. For an invitation to treat there is no circumstances or conditions to termination a proposal. The termination of proposal is based on cased:

MACON WORKS AND TRADING SDN BHD v. PHANG HON CHIN & ANOR[1976] 2 M.L.J. 177.

In this case, the defendants gave an option to A her nominees to purchase a piece of land. The option was exercisable only after one LK showed no more interest in the land. The plaintiff's, A's nominee, exercised the option and claimed specific performance. The defendant resisted, contending inter alia, that the offer had already lapsed.

It was held that where no time was fixed, an offer would lapse after the expiration of a reasonable time (section 47 of the Contracts Act 1950). What is reasonable is a question of fact depending on the actual circumstances of each case and the nature of the business. Failure to accept within a reasonable time implies rejection by the offeree.

D) Otherwise, an invitation to treat is an action inviting other parties to make an offer to form a contract and it just a first step to negotiate, or indication of a person's willingness to negotiate a contract but an offer is a creates a binding contract, subject to compliance with the terms of the offer. It refers to the case:

M & J FROZEN FOOD SDN. BHD & ANOR v. SILAND SDN BHD & ANOR[1994] 1 M.L.J. 303.

In this case that Siland Sdn. Bhd (the first respondent) was the registered owner of a piece of land which it charged to the second appellant, Eu Finance Bhd. Due to a default on the part of the first respondent, the second appellant applied to the senior assistant registrar (the SAR) and obtained an order for sale of the property by public auction. M & J Frozen Food (the first appellant) was the highest bidder and was pronounced the purchaser of the property. The first appellant paid a 25% deposit of the total purchase price as provided under the conditions of sale, while the balance of purchase money was to be paid into court within 30 days from the date of sale. However, this was not done.

It was held that the provisions of the National Land Code 1965 showed that the sale at this juncture (at the fall of hammer) had only be concluded in the sense that the goods would no longer be offered for a sale to prospective buyers and the successful bidder could not be permitted to retract his acceptance. Thereafter, each party to the contract of sale must perform his part of the obligation and until then no executed or actual sale had been concluded. Therefore a reference to a sale being concluded at the fall of the auctioneer's hammer could only refer to that stage of the transaction of sale when there was concluded an agreement between the vendor and the highest bidder, the former to sell and the latter to purchase the goods.

E) In addition, statement of price is not necessarily an offer because offer only has a termination on proposal between invitations to treat; statement of price is necessarily in an invitation to treat. It referred to the case of:

HARVEY v. FACEY[1893] AC 552.

In the case that the plaintiff telegraphed to the defendant, 'Will you sell us Bumper Hall Pen?' 'Telegraph lowest cash price'. Defendant telegraphed in reply 'Lowest price for Bumper Hall Pen $900. The plaintiff then replied 'We agree to buy Bumper Hall Pen for $900 asked by you. Please send your title deeds. No reply from the defendant. Plaintiff claimed that there was a contract between himself and the defendant.

It was held that there was no contract. The second telegram was not an offer but in the nature of an invitation to treat. The final message could not be looked upon as an acceptance.

F) Offer involved one party (unilateral) or more parties (bilateral). Bilateral contract is an agreement in which each of the parties to the contract make a promise or promise to the specific person and public at large. On the invitation to treat it only involve to the one party (unilateral). It means that only one party, make an offer but it depends to a person to form a contract. It based on case of:

CARLILL v. CARBOLIC SMOKE BALL CO. LTD[1893] 1 QB 256.

Facts of the case that the defendant made an advertisement in the newspaper where the defendant willing to pay 100.00 Pounds to anyone who still suffering influenza after taking the medicine according to the prescription sold by the defendant. On top that the defendant has deposited 1000.00 Pounds in the special account in the Alliance Bank for the above-mentioned purposes. The plaintiff used the above-said medicine, unfortunately, she still suffering the influenza. Then, the plaintiff asked for the compensation that had been promised by the defendant in the newspaper.

It was held that the plaintiff was entitled for the promise that amount 100.00 Pounds made by the defendant since the defendant's advertisement being considered as proposal addressed to public at large and the plaintiff has accepted the proposal by purchased the medicine and used the medicine according to prescription. The defendant advertisement being considered as proposal because in the advertisement there was an element of willingness where the defendant has deposited money that amount 1000.00 Pounds in special account in the Alliance Bank for the above said purposes.

G) The offer must be communicated to the offeree if the offeror want to revoke his or her proposal before it can be accepted and the offeror will bind to a legal after the acceptance but invitation to treat there is does not communicated before the acceptance and the invitation to treat can revoke anytime without mention to another party. It based on cased:

BANQUE PARIBAS v. CITIBANK NA[1989] 1 M.L.J. 329, CA.

In this case, a company, Selco Salvage Ltd, wrote a letter dated 14 October 1985, offering to sell to the respondents the salvage claims in respect of nine vessels. By a letter dated 31 October 1985, Selco offered to sell to the appellants salvage claims in respects of five vessels which were also part of the nine salvage claims offered for a sale in their 14 October 1985 letter to the respondents. The appellants accepted the offer and purchased those five salvage claims. Subsequently, on 7 November 1985, Selco again wrote to the respondents offering to sell their salvage claims in respect of four vessels which were listed in the 14 October 1985 letter. They further stated in their letter that ' this letter will supersede our previous letter dated 14 October 1985'. The respondents accepted the offer and purchased the salvage claims regarding these four vessels. A dispute arose between the appellants and the respondents as to the ownership in respect of the five salvage claims and the respondents claimed that on 20 November 1985, they had purchased the five salvage claims without any notice of the appellant's prior purchase of them from Selco. The respondents agreed that although they purchased the salvage claims of four vessels on 7 November 1985, Selco's offer to sell the balance five salvage claims contained in the 14 October 1985 letter still remained open and available for acceptance by them, and that they finally accepted the offer on 20 November 1985.

It was held that the 7 November 1985 letter written by Selco to the respondents contained the vital paragraph namely, 'this letter will supersede our previous letter dated 14 October 1985'. The only meaning one can give to this paragraph is that the 14 October letter had been replaced or substituted by the 7 November letter. The effect of that is any offer contained in the 14 October letter which had not been accepted had been withdrawn. Selco had, on 7 November 1985, in clear and unequivocal terms, withdrawn or cancelled the offer contained in the 14 October letter and henceforth there was no offer which remained upon and available for acceptance by the respondents on 20 November 1985 or any other date. Where the communication of acceptance is made by the acceptor through a course of transmission such as post, telegraph, telegram, then the communication of the acceptance is deemed complete as against the proposer, when it is put into a course of transmission to him, so as to be out the power of the acceptor.

x akan ku ulangi kesilapan lalu semasa aku mengambil STPM... akan ku tebus segala kekesalan dengan mengharungi kehidupan dan akan buat yg terbek dalam setiap peperiksaan di setiap sem... tujuan aku adalah untuk mendapat ilmu dan keberkatan dari Allah.. dan akan ku tunai kan janji ku pd kedua ibu bapa ku... aku akan membela mereka kelak...aku tidak akan menghampa kan  ibu dan abah... 

setiap kali aku menatap foto kamu berdua aku menjadi terlalu rindu dan sayu... kakak rindu dan sayang mak n abah... love u all forever..

ya allah ampunilah aku...

Kisah 18SX: Remaja Yang sedang Belajar Wajib Membacanya.. Pendedahan Penuh Iktibar...


Kisah kali ini diceritakan oleh seorang hamba Allah di sebuah taman perumahan di sekitar Ipoh (namanya dirahsiakan)…Kisah ini amat menyentuh jiwa saya apabila ianya diceritakan kembali oleh salah seorang anak murid pengajian saya di taman perumahan tersebut…..

Ceritanya mengisahkan seorang ayah dari keluarga yang miskin..kerja sendiri hanya menoreh getah..datangnya jauh dari kampung..dengan menaiki teksi..membawa beg dan barang-barang milik anak gadisnya.. yang dapat melanjutkan pelajarannya di sebuah institusi pengajian di Ipoh..menyewa di rumah sewa bersebelahan dengan rumah tuan empunya cerita ini.
“Masih saya ingat lagi ustaz…. bagaimana senyuman bangga ayah si gadis ini… yang terlalu seronok kerana anak gadisnya berjaya melayakkan dirinya menjadi pelajar di Institut Pengajian Tinggi

“Saya dapat melihat dengan jelas..bagaimana ayah si gadis ini ..sibuk mengangkat barangan anaknya..dengan mulutnya riuh rendah..sambil melemparkan senyuman kepada dirinya…sebagai jiran kepada anaknya itu.Setelah bersalaman dengannya..ayah si gadis ini ramah menceritakan kejayaan anaknya..dan anaknya itulah yang diharapkan akan menempah kejayaan ..seterusnya dapat membela hidup mereka sekeluarga suatu hari nanti.

Sedang kami berbual.. terdengar anak gadis si ayah ini merungut…katanya “Ayah…kat sini tak ada tilam..la..takkan nak tidur atas toto aje ..nanti sakit lah badan along ni..!!” kata anak gadisnya merungut manja…sambil meneruskan bebelannya dengan suara yang kurang jelas.

Ayahnya hanya tersengih..sambil menjawab “nantilah ayah belikan..tengah ni duit ayah dah habis…. beli kelengkapan kamu…kita bukan orang senang…”

“Ok lah ok lah…tapi ayah beli cepat sikit tau…nanti macam mana along nak belajar..tidur tak selesa….nanti tak boleh tidur….haaa..ganggu prestasi along..!!”

Ye la…ye la…..nanti ayah beli lah….”

Sebulan telah berlalu…si ayah belum lagi nampak ..kelibatnya membawa tilam yang dijanjikan…mungkin..sedang kumpul duit nak beli tilam agaknya…maklumlah kerja kampung bukan orang senang….rumah yang anaknya sewa pun bayarannya kongsi ramai-ramai…satu rumah duduk lapan orang.

“Apa yang tak seronoknya ustaz ialah….budak-budak perempuan di sebelah rumah saya tu…pada mula mereka duduk menyewa tiada apa masalah ataupun gangguan

tapi lama kelamaan..rumah sewa anak dara di sebelah saya ni dah mula dilawati oleh budak-budak lelaki…ada yang datang bermotosikal dan ada yang datang dengan menaiki kereta….

“Entahlah ustaz..bukan tak tegur..dah tegur dah….tapi jawab budak lelaki yang datang bertandang tu…pakcik ni sapa?…bapak diorang ke ..????” terkedu saya ustaz apa nak dikata lagi…..”Kadang-kadang ustaz bebudak lelaki tu duduk rumah sewa budak perempuan sampai ke tengah malam….gerun saya ustaz….!!”

“Pernah sekali tu saya terfikir untuk melaporkan perkara ini kepada penguatkuasa jabatan agama…tetapi saya risau pulak nanti bebudak lelaki tu akan serang saya balik..atau apa-apakan keluarga saya..saya pun ada anak dara ustaz…risau saya ustaz…apalah upaya saya ustaz…”

“Berkenaan dengan anak gadis si ayah yang malang ni tadi..setiap hari keluar dengan pakwenya…maklumlah orang sedang bercinta..bercouple…mak bapak pulak jauh ..jadi line clear…ustaz..kadang-kadang tengah malam baru nampak balik ke rumah sewanya..entah lah..sedih saya apabila mengenangkan bapanya yang cukup baik.”

Suatu petang ustaz….sedang anak gadis si ayah ni keluar macam biasa dengan pakwenya….ayah si gadis ini sampai ke rumah sewa anak gadisnya….dengan menaiki motorsikal..di belakang motorsikalnya itu terikat tilam kekabu….sambil dia berhenti ..lalu terkial-kial si ayah ini cuba menongkatkan motornya…kerana tilam kekabu itu berat…..

kemudian si ayah itu menjerit memanggil nama anaknya.. sambil mengelap peluhnya yang mengalir laju…terdengar suaranya yang mengah..memanggil-manggil anaknya..tetapi tiada sahutan…sunyi…kerana hari itu hari cuti…ada yang dah balik kampung hujung minggu dan ada yang biasa la..tengah menenggek di belakang motorsikal pakwe mereka…termasuklah anak gadis si ayah yang malang ini.

“Saya pun keluar dari rumah….lalu memanggil si ayah ini tadi..abang..mari masuk berehat di rumah saya dahulu…bebudak ni tak ada mereka keluar agaknya…”kata saya kepada si ayah .”

“Ke mana mereka pergi….agaknya…keluar ramai-ramai ke.bila balik agaknya.?” tanya ayahnya…bertalu-talu…saya hanya mendiamkan diri….lalu saya berkata kepada si ayah…tak mengapa bang…rehat dulu..abang letih tu datang dari jauh….bawak masuk motor abang tu ke dalam laman rumah saya….”

Si ayah bersetuju kerana tiada pilihan lain…nak balik alang-alang..dah sampai ..bukannya dekat..lagipun bukan senang nak datang balik…..si ayah nampak keletihan sambil menolak motorsikalnya dengan beban tilam yang berat.

Si ayah menunggu…sehinggalah waktu maghrib telah masuk….si anak masih tidak balik lagi….saya mengajak si ayah masuk ke dalam rumah mandi dan menunaikan solat maghrib ..kemudian saya menjamunya makan malam.Si ayah nampak keberatan tapi apa kan daya kerana menunggu anaknya …lantaran hati kecilnya merasa risau kalau-kalau anaknya tidak selesa tidur di atas toto…takut kesihatan anaknya terganggu.

Sedang kami duduk menunggu anaknya….yang masih tidak balik walaupun waktu isyak sudah lama berlalu….tiba-tiba si ayah sudah mengesyaki sesuatu…..lalu bertanya kepada saya…”Anak saya ni keluar dengan siapa sebenarnya encik?”

Saya hanya terdiam…tak terkata apa-apa….lalu saya menjawab…”beginilah bang..abang tunggulah sampai dia balik ..lihatlah sendiri dan tanyalah sendiri dengannya.”

Si ayah semakin risau……dan semacam sudah mengesyaki sesuatu yang tidak baik sedang dilakukan oleh anak gadisnya itu.Tepat pukul 2.15 pagi…barulah anak gadisnya pulang..dengan membonceng motorsikal pakwenya..memeluk mesra…pakwenya….berhenti di depan rumah sewa
Si anak gadis itu kemudiannya turun dari motorsikal pakwenya…sambil menanggalkan topi keledar diikuti oleh pakwenya,..itu….mereka tidak terus berpisah tetapi berbual mesra di hadapan rumah..tanpa menyedari…perlakuan mereka itu dilihat oleh kami berdua….

Mereka berpegangan tangan..sambil ketawa….bergurau….dan tiba-tiba..pakwe si gadis itu mencium bibirnya…!!!Subhanallah….saya tak boleh bayangkan keadaan ayahnya ketika itu yang bangun dan hendak bergerak menuju ke arah anaknya…tetapi saya tahan….kata saya kepada ayahnya..:

”Jangan bang…sekarang dah pagi…jangan mengamuk tengah ni nanti..abang yang dapat malu…biarkan budak lelaki itu balik dulu”.

Hampir setengah jam kami melihat babak mesra bercumbu dan berpeluk itu…barulah budak lelaki itu pulang…si gadis itu pun masuk ke rumahnya…..

Setelah beberapa minit barulah ayahnya menolak motorsikalnya…dan menghidupkan enjin lalu berhenti di depan pintu pagar rumah anaknya..seolah-olah dia baru sampai…lalu dia memanggil nama anaknya….Anak gadis ini membuka pintu sambil merungut terkejut dengan kehadiran ayahnya pada lewat pagi sebegitu…sambil katanya..:

”hah ayah apasal datang pagi-pagi macam ni…..tak boleh tunggu besok..?

Si ayah terus meluru lalu menampar…muka anak gadisnya…menjerit-jerit…marah..

”Oooo…..buat apa datang pagi buta ye….kamu tahu tak… aku sampai sejak dari petang tadi..menunggu kamu…bawakkan tilam untuk kamu…..jenuh aku tunggu kamu….ni ha…pakcik ni yang tumpangkan aku..rehat..sembahyang …makan…..aku datang dari jauh letih…sebab risaukan kamu…sayangkan kamu..tapi kamu…keluar sampai jauh malam….dengan pakwe kamu ye…dah la tu kamu bercium beromen depan aku..anak tak tahu diuntung….aku malu tau tak…maluuuuu….

Anak kurang ajar..anak derhaka….anak tak mengenang budi…..aku jaga kamu….aku tatang kamu macam minyak yang penuh….macam ini balasan kamu…macam ni balasan kamu..pada aku..haaaa!!! anak ****……..berdebub…gedebab….kali ini saya lihat dia terajang anaknya ustaz…..saya masuk ke dalam rumah dan memegang si ayah dan memintanya mengucap….beristighfar….bersabar……….

Anak gadisnya…menangis meraung…merayu…memohon keampunan…..hu hu hu ayahhhh…ampunkan alongggg….huwaaaaa…ayah alongggg salah …along berdosa dengan ayah…..hunhuuuuuu…….!!

Kau memang anak celaka…..memalukan keluarga…orang tua..kalau mak kamu tahu ni pasti mak kamu akan sedih sangat….tadi..mak kamu nak ikut..rindu nak tengok kamu…aku tak bagi tau tak…. sebab nak bawak tilam ni….kamu tau tak tilam ni berat….tilam kekabu…aku bawak dari kampung jauh….terhoyong hayang aku..bawak motor…tadi pun nyaris tak kena langgar dengan lori..tau tak…??

Kata si ayah sambil menangis…….suasana pilu…..saya juga menitiskan air mata….sedih melihat ayah yang separuh abad,,,menangis kecewa dengan perbuatan anak gadisnya.

“Sudah..kau kemaskan barang….pagi ni jugak balik ikut aku….balikkkkk…ikut aku…cepatttt,………kata ayahnya….

Sejak itu ustaz saya tak nampak lagi anaknya itu balik ke rumah sewa disebelah rumah saya itu…Tilam yang dibawa oleh ayah si gadis itu masih ada di rumah saya ditinggalkan oleh ayahnya…kerana tidak mampu dibawa balik lantaran si ayah membawa anaknya balik pada malam itu juga.

Pada malam itu juga si anak gadis itu balik ke kampungnya,dengan membonceng motor…tetapi bukan di belakang pakwenya…tetapi dibelakang bapaknya……kesiannn ustaz…kesiannnn

Colorful Retro Circles Background - Colorful Retro Circles Backgrounds

Colorful Retro Circles Background - Colorful Retro Circles Backgrounds

RISK  more than others think is SAFE


     CARE more than others think is WISE


           DREAM  more than others think is PRACTICAL


                EXPECT more than others think is POSSIBLE

surah al-Baqarah

Malaysian Legal System (Law 416)

Malaysian Legal System (Law 416)

INTRODUCTION

1.0 What is Law?
The word “law” is difficult to define, particularly as it is used in many different ways. It contains, however, the concepts of orderliness, universality and objectivity. The term ‘law’ is used in many sense, we speak of the laws of physics, laws of games, laws of state or law of traffic. When we speak about the law of the State we use the term “LAW” in a very special and strict sense, and this law may be defined as rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced among the members of a State.

When we speak of the law we usually imply the whole of the law, however it may have been formed, much of the Malaysian law has been created out of the English customs, but a great part of the law has been created by statute i.e. Act of Parliament.

Human being resorts to various kinds of rules to guide their life. Different people perceive law differently. For the lawyers, they see it as their exclusive preserve as laypersons depend largely on them to explain the intricacies of the law. For the average person he may see it as a nuisance for having to comply with various procedures, which he or she does not understand.

Thus moral rules and ethics remind us that are immoral or wrong to tell lies or engage in drugs or to get involved in a brothel business. If we breach these moral and ethics we may lose friends or their respect.

Law performs various functions in society and its pervasiveness may impinge our lives. Amongst others, we are compelled by law to have a birth certificate and an identity card etc

1.2 What is justice?In Malaysia we practice adversarial system, which means that it is the parties through their advocates who control the course of inquiry. The parties decide what evidence shall be adduced subject to the rules of admissibility and it is on the basis of the admissible evidence adduced by the parties that the court must come to a decision. The judge acts as an impartial referee, there to ensure that the parties comply with the rules of procedure and evidence in presenting a case.

Justice refers to fairness or rightfulness. However, what is justice in Malaysia may not necessarily mean justice in other parts of the world. Justice must not only must be done but seen to be done. That’s why we have open court system.

1.3 Rule of Law
The rule of law is the essential doctrine of the British Constitution. It is not written code of rules but the general principle implicit in the common law which the courts will apply, unless some statute can be quoted modifying the application. The rule of law cover three essential aspects.:-

a. no person can be punished except for a definite breach of law, established in the ordinary law courts of the land
b. No person is above the law and everyone must bear the legal consequences of his own act. Equality before the law.
c. There is an absence in the UK of any special body of courts to try cases where the citizens is in conflict with the government unlike in France where litigation between citizens and state officials is dealt with by special administrative courts.

It is often stated that it is from the principle of the rule of law, all forms of liberty, persons liberty. liberty of speech and freedom of press are derived.

1.4 Classification of Law
Law can be classified into various areas. Generally speaking it ca be categorized into three main areas.

Public Law and Private Law
Substantive Law and Procedural Law
Private International and Public International Law

1.5 Public Law
Public law regulates the relationship between the citizen (an individual or group of people) and the State. Example. In a murder case where Daniel murdered Budin. Therefore here Daniel has committed a crime which is against the State (King’s law) – R v Daniel. (R= REX). Public law is divided into constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law.

Constitutional Law – defines the structure of the principal organs of government and their relationship to each other, and determine their principal functions and the rights of individual under that government. Example in Malaysia:

Article 6(1) of the Federal Constitution:- says no person shall be held for slavery.

Article 8(1) of the Federal Constitution: - says all person are equal before the law and entitled equal protection of the law.

Administrative Law – is defined as that body of legal principle which concerns the rights and duties arising from the impact upon the individual of the actual functioning of the executive instrument of the government. In synopsis we can terms it as the law that regulates the duties and exercise of powers by administrative authorities.

Criminal Law – deals with acts or omissions which are offences against the State and for which the offender is liable to be tried and if found guilty, will be punished according to the law. Crime is defined as of disobedience of the law forbidden under pain of punishment. The punishment for crime ranges from death or imprisonment to a money penalty or absolute discharge

1.6 Private Law
Private law deals with the relation between one citizen and another citizen. It is also known as Civil law. It includes contract, Family Law, Tort, Land Law and commercial law in general. Legal action may be commenced or initiated by individuals seeking for damages or compensation Example where Intan and Hezrynda entered an agreement and Hezrynda breached the contract. Here Intan has a cause of action against Hezrynda. In this situation Intan will be the Plaintiff because she is the one who is initiating the action and Hezrynda will be the defendant. Intan v Hezrynda

1.7 Substantive Law

Substantive law is the statutory or written law that governs rights and obligations of those who are subject to it. Substantive law defines the legal relationship of people with other people or between them and the state. Substantive law stands in contrast to procedural law, which comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil or criminal proceedingsIt the body of rules of law in the above branches. Substantive law defines crimes and punishments (in the criminal law) as well as civil rights and responsibilities in civil law. It is codified in legislated statutes or can be enacted through the initiative process Thus , murder is common rule offence. Bigamy is a statutory offence and Passing off is a tort at common law.

1.8 Procedural Law

Procedural law deals with the method and means by which substantive law is made and administered. The time allowed for one party to sue another and the rules of law governing the process of the lawsuit are examples of procedural laws..t lays down the rules governing the manner in which a right is enforced under civil law, or a crime prosecuted under the criminal law. A legal action is started by a writ in civil cases and by summons in criminal cases.

1.9 International Law
Includes Private and Public International Law.

Public international law deals with relationship between states. E.g. Border, territorial waters etc. Certain writers hold that there is no world authority with power to enforce the rules or the laws.

Private International law is concerned with the application of various national laws of the facts of a particular case involving two or more countries eg. System of law applicable to a marriage between 2 different nationals in a third country. Thus Nurul, a Malaysian national, makes a contract in Madrid with Jeniffer. If Nurul wants to take an action against Jeniffer, the court will have to determine by the rules of the private international law which law is to be applied. Malaysian or Spanish law?


1.10 SOURCES OF LAW

The main sources of law in Malaysia can be categories as follows

a. the Federal Constitution
b. the 13 Constitution of the States comprising the Federation
c. Federal law made by Parliament
d. State laws made by State Assemblies
e. Federal and State Subsidiary Legislation
f. Principles of English Law
g. Judicial Precedent/
h. Islamic Law

1.10.1 FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
Malaysia has a written constitution unlike the United Kingdom. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Generally, any law which is inconsistent with the Federal Constitution is invalid. The Malaysian Parliament functions under a written constitution and is governed by it. Its law making power is limited by the provisions in the constitution. However our Parliament as a legislative body has the capacity to amend , repeal and make new constitution by way of two third majority vote of the both houses of Parliament. ( Dewan Negara & Dewan Rakyat). The Federal Constitution also establishes a constitutional Monarchy and a Federal System of Government.

In England Parliament is Supreme and has full power to make law on any matter.

According to Dicey:

‘ The Principle of Parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely that Parliament has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further that no person or body is recognized by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament’

How far is this true after the signing of treaty of Rome in 1972? How supreme is Parliament?


1.10.2 THE STATE CONSTITUTION

The 13 States of Malaysia have individual constitutions, which provide for a single chamber Legislative Assembly in each state. A Menteri Besar or a Chief Minister heads the government. (In the Malay States a cabinet known as the Executive Council assists the Menteri Besar) In Sabah & Sarawak, members of the Executive Council are known as State Ministers.


1.10.3 LEGISLATION

It refers to laws made by a person or body, which has power to make law. In Malaysia, Parliament and Legislative Assemblies have powers to enact laws in their respective areas. Laws made by Parliament may extend to the whole country. However, laws enacted by a State Assembly only apply to that particular state only.


Act - Federal Law made by Parliament
Enactment - State Law made by Legislative Assemblies
Ordinance - Law made by YDPA during Proclamation of an emergency when Parliament is not sitting concurrently.

1.10.4 ENGLISH LAW

The supremacy of English Law remains in Malaysia even after independence. The English Law is adopted so far as they were suitable to local conditions. Many of the local laws especially those affecting trade, commerce and banking were patterned on English Models (or in some instance other colonial laws) e.g. Section 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956 provide that English law relating to contract is applicable in Malaysia in relation to areas not covered by our legislation or our case law. Our courts have also tended to look towards the English Law to aid them in the interpretation of the Contract act.


1.10.5 SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION/ DELEGATED LEGISLATION

Also known as delegated legislation. A statute will confer power on an authority for it to enact rules and regulation. An example of delegated legislation is the parking by laws enacted by various councils under powers conferred on them by the State Local Government Enactments.

1.10.6 THE COMMON LAW

Refers to law laid down by judges sitting in the Superior Courts as distinct from statute law enacted by the legislative.- Judge made law. This system was inherited from England

1.10.7 SYARIAH LAW

Is the body of Islamic law. The term means "way" or "path"; it is the legal framework within which the public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles of jurisprudence Applicable to Muslims only and administered in the Syariah Courts. The courts possess civil jurisdiction over offences by Muslim against the religion.

1.10.8 THE DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS ET NON QUIETA MOVERE / BINDING PRECEDENT
The doctrine of Stare Decisis is a Latin legal term, used in common law to express the notion that prior court decisions must be recognized as precedents, according to case law. More fully, the legal term is "stare decisis et non quieta movere" meaning "stand by decisions and do not move that which is quiet" (the phrase "quieta non movere" is itself a famous maxim akin to "let sleeping dogs lie").Why do lawyers cite previous cases from thick volumes in their arguments before the court? The answer is because the common law The doctrine of binding precedent or stare decisis is central to the English legal system, and to the legal systems that derived from it such as those of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. A precedent is a statement made of the law by a Judge in deciding a case. The doctrine, states that within the hierarchy of the courts a decision by a higher court will be binding on those lower than it. This means that when judges try a case they will check to see if a similar case has come before a court previously, and if there was a precedent set by an equal or higher court, then the judge should follow that precedent. If there is a precedent set in a lower court, the judge does not have to follow it, but may consider it. The Federal Court however does not have to follow its own precedents.

Only the statements of law are binding, this is known as the reason for the decision or ratio decidendi, all other reasons are by the way or obiter dictum see Rondel v. Worsley (1969) 1 AC 191. A precedent does not bind a court if it was found there was a lack of care in the original “Per Incuriam”, for example if a statutory provision or precedent had not been brought to the court's decision. If a court finds a material difference between cases then it can choose not to be bound by the precedent. Persuasive precedents are those that have been set by courts lower in the hierarchy, they may be persuasive but are not binding ,. Most importantly precedents can be overruled, by a subsequent decision by a higher court or Act of Parliament, Judicial ruling is retrospective, whereas Act’s of Parliament are always Prospective unless stated.

The last situation brings about the greatest problem of the precedent system, in that if a higher court overrules a precedent that is quite old, then it is very likely that many cases that have been decided upon that precedent will return to court. Therefore, it becomes increasingly unlikely that a precedent is overruled the older it is is found in decision of the superior court. Judges are obliged to decide the case before him by reference to a previous decision when the conditions for the operation of the doctrine of precedent are satisfied. These are the previous decision decided in the previous case, so far as its ratio decidendi is concerned, relevant to the determination of an issue of law in the case in question, and that the prior court’s decisions are authoritative for his court, it is a court which is superior to his hierarchy.

What about Malaysia? Do we adhere to these principles of judicial precedent? Even when we have statutes, we still look to the judges interpretation of the law. The statute must be read in the light of decided cases.

Judges are required to follow a system, which provides for consistency and certainty in decision. A judge’s decision in an earlier and similar case constitutes a precedent and may be binding depending on the hierarchy of the courts concerned. E.g. the decision of the Federal Court is binding on the other courts, but the decision of the High Court is binding on the lower courts and not on the Court of Appeal and Federal Court.


1.11 THE LEGAL INSTITUTION

YDPA



Legislative Executive Judiciary



Constitutional law is concerned with government in a state. If a question is asked what government is, we are likely to think of various official powers which are exercised over us or in short we can say they are the power organizing structure.

In Malaysia it would be simple enough to classify the activities referred to the above as legislative, executive or judicial. As the terms is generally employed, the legislative activity involves the enactment of general rules for the individuals and groups in society. The executive function is harder to define, but includes actions taken for the maintenance of order, in the implementation of the law, for the defense of the state, in the conduct of external affairs, and in the administration of internal policies. Finally the judicial function involves the determination of issues of fact and the interpretation of law and dealing with crimes or civil causes by the application of the law to them.

Sometimes the three functions may be viewed as a combination or sequence. For example it is the legislative power to increase income tax. Executive action will is involve in the collection of the arrangements for the tax collection and the judicial proceedings may be involved when persons are found evading tax payment. The three functions can be described as making law, applying law and enforcing law. But some of the activities which we would classify as executive, including the general conduct of foreign policy, do not involve the execution of law at all.

The terms which we have been using, which categorizes the functions of government as legislative, executive and judicial, has become commonplace in the description of constitutional arrangements. The terms have been derived from a doctrine which was developed in the seventeenth centuries in England and this doctrine is commonly known as doctrine of separation of powers. It is also natural to use the terms because in many states there seem to be institutions whose primary functions correspond to one of these three kinds of activity, whether it is under the influence of the doctrine or not.



Doctrine of Separation of Power

The doctrine of the separation of powers is most often associated with French writer Baron de Montesquieu but it would be a mistake to think that he invented it. The model was first developed by the ancient Greeks in the constitutions that governed their city-states. However, it first came into widespread use by the Roman Republic. It was outlined in the Constitution of the Roman Republic.The doctrine of the separation of power is not a legal principle, but a political theory.

The doctrine includes a proposition about the functions of government, and discussion of the forms and functions of government may be traced back to ancient Greece. In Aristotle’s politics, he distinguishes three elements in every constitution, which he classified as the deliberative, the magisterial, and the judicial



Judiciary hears and determines civil and criminal matters, and pronounces on the legality of legislative and executives acts. It may also interpret the Federal Constitution and State Constitution.

The High Court of Malaya and Sabah & Sarawak, the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court are superior courts. The general rule is that the Jurisdiction of the courts increases as one moves upwards .

There are also several specialised tribunals exercising judicial and quasi judicial functions eg. Industrial Court and Court Martial. These courts provide an inexpensive and specialised means of settling disputes between the parties.

1.12 THE LAGISLATIVE PROCESS IN THE MALAYSIAN PARLIAMENT

The Bill introduced to parliament may be classified as:

a) Private Bill’s
b) Private Member Bills
c) Hybrid Bills
d) Government Bills

The Bill is normally presented by the Minister to the Parliament A Bill introduced in either House in accordance with Parliamentary procedure as prescribed by the Standing Orders usually goes through 4 stages:


1.The First Reading
2. The Second Reading
3. The Committee Stage
4. The Third Reading

To introduce a bill, it is required to give notice to the Clerk of the relevant House before which he intents to introduce it. Bills may be classified as Private Bills, private member’s Bills, hybrid bills or government Bills.

At the first reading, the Minister merely mention the title of the Bill and then proceeds to give oral notice as to when he wishes to move the Second Reading. There is a debate or amendment at this stage of the proceeding which are but a mere formality.

This motion, moved by the Minister, requires to be seconded. By the time this motion is move, the Bill will have been printed and circulated to all members of the House. Otherwise, the Bill cannot be presented. It is as this stage that debate on the Bill is carried out.

At the end of the Second Reading, the Bill is committed Committee of the whole House. In effect, the House resolve itself into a Committee on the Bill. This is called a Committee Stage and it is intended to allow members the opportunity to discuss detail of the Bill and to propose amendment in a less formal proceeding. When discussion is completed in Committee, the Minister move a motion to report the bill under consideration to the House. If the motion is accepted, the House will resume sitting and this brings the Committee Stage to an end.

When the house resume sitting, the minister reports that the Bill has been considered and accepted by the Committee with or without amendment. When a Bill has been passed in the manner describe above in either House, it is then transmitted or send to the other House for Consideration. When the has been considered by the other House in a similar fashion, it is return to the House from which it originated. The motion is the final step and article 68 of the Federal Constitution will become operative.

According to article 68, the Bill may be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent after the lapse of one month if it is a Money Bill and twelve months if it is not a Money Bill. However, this primacy of the House of Representatives over the Senate does not exist in the event of a Bill amending the Constitution. Constitutional amendment requires the concurrence of both chambers. The function of the Senate is general legislation is of a revising nature with no real authority to reject measures passed by the House of Representative.

Although a Minister normally introduces a Bill, there is nothing to prevent any member either of the government or the opposition from introducing a Bill, but such a move is unlikely to succeed unless it commands the support of the government. Bill may originate from either House with the exception of a Bill or and amendment concerning any of the matters enumerated in article 67, such a taxation and expenditure, which must be moved by a minister in the House of Representative.

The legislative procedure in the State Assemblies is almost similar to that in the Federal Parliament with some local variations. Bill are passed by the one-chamber by Legislative Assembly and assented to by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri before becoming law, and no law can come into force until it is published. Bills requiring expenditure from the Consolidated Funds have to be introduced by a member of the Executive Council. State Constitution, with certain exceptions may also be amended on the same format as an amendment of the Federal Constitution, that is, supported on the second and third reading by at least two-third of the total number of members. The constitutional provisions affecting succession to the throne in the Malay State may not be the subjects of amendment by the State Legislature.


1.12.1 Voting

A Bill is adopted by a simple majority vote of those members present and voting. There are several exception to this rules, the most significant being constitutional amendment in accordance with article 159 of Federal Constitution. Bill shall not been passed in either House of Parliament unless it has been supported on the second and third readings by the votes of not less than two-third of the total number of members of that House.


1.12.2 Royal Assent

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is an integral part of Parliament. His assent is normally before a Bill becomes law. Royal Assent is not effect within a time specified, the Bill becomes law as if it had been assented. Prior to the amendment, there was no evidence to suggest that the Royal veto over a proposed federal law has ever been official existed.






1.12.3 SUMMARY ABOUT HOW A BILL BECOME A LAW

(I) First Reading
When a bill is first introduced in one of the two houses, only its title is actually read. After the Bill is passed at this stage, its text is printed and distributed.

(2) Second Reading
Members debate the Bill. If accepted, it is passed on for consideration by a committee of the house.
(3) A Committee of The House
Considers the Bill in detail and may amend any part of it. The committee then submits a report on the Bill to the house. If the report is approved, the Bills goes on to a third reading in the house.
(4) Third Reading
Debate takes place and amendments may be put to a vote. The house then either passes or defeats the Bills.
(5) Other House
When a Bill has passed one house, it is send to other house, where it follows a similar pattern. If the second house amend the Bill, the Bill must be returned to the first house for it approval
(6) Royal Assent
When the Bill ha passed both house with accordance with article 68, it is sent to Yang di- Pertuan Agong For the Royal Assent. The bill becomes a law upon publication.


1.13 Jurisdiction of the Courts

As a general rule civil and criminal courts are open to public. When an accused person has committed a criminal offence and does not plead guilty, he will be tried in a court of competent jurisdiction. The court which administer civil and criminal justice are those constituted under the constitution, or the Courts Judicature Act 1964 or by Subordinate Courts Act 1948 or by any other law presently in force.



1.13.1 Penghulu’s Court.

Trail Jurisdiction.

Section 95 Subordinates Court Act 1948 provides that :

The Penghulu’s court can try minor offences listed in the ‘Surat Kuasa’ and punishable with a fine not exceeding RM 25/-. The Offender must be an Asian.

Sentencing Jurisdiction

Section 96 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 The penghulu can impose fine not exceeding RM25/-


1.13.2 2nd Class Magistrate

Trail Jurisdiction.
Criminal

Section 88 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 2nd Class Magistrate can try offences punishable with:
a) imprisonment not exceeding 6 months; or
b) a fine only

Sentencing Jurisdiction

Section 89 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 2nd Class Magistrate can punish an offender with:
a) imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, or
b) a fine not exceeding RM 1000; or
c) both

Civil
Section 92 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 – monetary jurisdiction up to RM 3000.00

1.13.3 1st Class Magistrate

Trail Jurisdiction

Section 85 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 – 1st Class Magistrate can try offences:
a) punishable with imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or
b) punishable with fine only or
c) under Section 392 Penal Code i.e robbery on the highway between sunset and sunrise punishable with a maximum of 14 years imprisonment, or
d) under Section 457 Penal Code i.e. house breaking at night to commit theft punishable with a maximum of 14 years imprisonment.


Section 83 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 – 1st Class Magistrate can:-
a) issue warrants, summons or other processes of the court;
b) make orders relating to adjournments, remand, bail and transfer of the case to the sessions court;

Section 9 Criminal Procedure Code gives power and authority to the Magistrate:-
a) to hear criminal trials
b) to issue warrants, summons or other processes of the court
c) make orders relating to adjournments, remand, bail and transfer of the case to the sessions court
d) to hold inquiries of death.


Sentencing jurisdiction:

Section 87 (1) Subordinate Courts Act 1948 1st Class Magistrate can punish the offender with:
a) imprisonment not exceeding 5 years; or
b) fine not exceeding RM 10,000/-; or
c) whipping up to maximum 12 strokes
d) a combination of (a)-(c)
e) in a civil matter the Magistrate can fine up RM 25,000/-

Civil

Section 90 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 – Monetary jurisdiction up to RM 25,000.00

1.13.4 Sessions Court

Trail Jurisdiction

Criminal

Section 64 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 A Sessions court can try any offences except those punishable with death
Sentencing Jurisdiction

Section 64 Subordinate Courts Act 1948 can pas any sentence except death



Civil

a) Section 65(1)(a) Subordinate Courts Act 1948 - Unlimited monetary jurisdiction in respect of motor vehicle accidents and landlord and tenants dispute and distress.
b) Section 65(1)(b) Subordinate Courts Act 1948 – On other matters monetary jurisdiction up to RM250,000.00
c) Section 66(1) Subordinate Courts Act 1948 – This Court may try matter even if a counter claim exceeds Plaintiff’s claim but this court will not give judgement in excess of the monetary jurisdiction limit .
d) Section 66(2) Subordinate Courts Act 1948. The High Court has the power to or make an order the matter to be transferred to the High Court.


1.13.5 High Court

Trial Jurisdiction
Criminal

Section 22 Court Judicature Act 1964 - a High Court can try any offences and offences under Chapter VI of the Penal Court and under any written law

Court may pass any sentence allowed by law including death.


Civil

The High Court has no monetary limits and can try any case with any amount of money. The High court can try all matters except which is expressly excluded by the Federal Constitution.

Assalamualaikum...ni ada sedikit ilmu daripa Sesi Sembang Santai Islamik antara Ustaz Azhar Idrus & Zizan raja lawak pada malam 'count-up' (31/12/11,sabtu)..

1. Apakah Hukum sambut countdown...?
UAI:"countdown tu mende"...??
Zizan: !@#$*...emm.."count tu, kire..down tu, bawah...2011 ke 2012.."
UAI: "count up la gitu..11 ke 12...."
zizan: !@#*.... =)
--> Kata ulama' countdown bukan perayaan...ianya jatuh haram mengikut cara(perbuatan) kite...jatuh haram sekiranya sambut dengan buat maksiat,mnum arak,judi,ambil dadah,dll....

2. Apakah hukum main bunga api...?
--> Ulama'2 sepakat menyatakan setiap perbuatan yang ada membazir = tidak harus...samada makruh @ haram.. Jika beli sedikit mercun kemudian bakar,makruh kerana membazir sedikit duit.. sekiranya membazir berlebihan jadi Haram.. contohnye beli sampai beratus2,beribu2 ringgit...kalau bunga api untuk sambutan tahun baru terang2 haram kerana ambil duit rakyat beratus2 ribu ringgit, pembaziran yg nyata...

3. Pandu kereta sorang2 pd pukul 3pagi...smpai kt lampu isyarat,lampu merah..boleh tak nk teruskan kerana tiada kenderaan lain ketika itu,jalan sunyi...
--> Peraturan kerajan buat bg menyelesaikan maslahatan rkyt..lampu isyarat dicipta untuk jln yg sibuk/sesak.. dlm jln kmpung ade lampu isyarat x?tiada sbb jln kampung xsibuk... Boleh jalan,jika yakin tiada kenderaan lain ketika
itu(dari arah kiri,kanan,depan) dan yakin tiada mudarat kpd org lain..peraturan mnusia boleh ditukar mengikut keadaan..tetapi Undang2 ALLAH(Quran),tak boleh diubah sampai bile2...

4. Betul ke alat muzik tu najis..?? UAI: "Betul.....sekiranya ada tahi ayam pada alat muzik itu"....=)
--> Najis ialah benda yg keluar dari kemaluan... kalau binatang,anjing & babi..haiwan mati(bangkai) juga najis.. Jika main alat muzik sampai lalai,tu yg jd haram... bunyi2-an ni dibenarkan... dalilnya, dalam kitab2 bab Nikmat
Syurga = Allah ada sediakan bunyi2-an didalam syurga nanti...

5. "Isteri kena hiburkan suami dirumah...kalau suara isteri xsedap kena nyanyi jugak ke...?" =)
--> Tujuan hiburkan suami untuk mengeratkan ksh syg dlm rmh tgga... hiburkan suami bukan dgn nyanyi je.. mcm2 cara boleh...isteri hiburan suami dr hujung rambut smpai hujung kaki.. dgn cara ckp boleh hiburkan suami..
cara berjalan...ni tidak,bile kt opis berjalan "catwalk"..dlm rumah plak "elephantwalk"...=) cara layanan juga hiburkan hati suami...dll...

6. Hiburan itu haram sebab melalaikan...ape pendapat ustaz...
--> Manusia mmg suke kpd permainan & hiburan.. Islam bukan agama menghalang(semuanya haram) tetapi agama mendidik..hiburan dibenarkan cume kite yg xpandai jaga diri (lalai dr perkara wajib,mabuk,maksiat)...tu yg
jd haram tu..Boleh hiburkan diri sekejap setelah penat kerja @ beribadah.. boleh bermain supaya xbosan..Allah juga hendakkan supaya hamba2nya sihat n cergas untuk melakukan kerja n kewajipan2 lain..niat dlm hati, hiburan kerana Allah...

7. "Saya tgk vcd kuliah Ustaz...ustaz kate,perempuan xwajib pakai tudung..lepas tu vcd lekat..xleh nk tgk ayat seterusnya"...=) betul ke perempuan xwajib pkai tudung...??
--> Betul perempuan xwajib pakai tudung...yg WAJIB ADALAH TUTUP SELURUH AURAT... aurat ialah apa2 bhgian pd anggota bdn yg tidak boleh dilihat oleh lelaki yg bukan mahram.. kalau pkai tudung tp nmpk jugak rmbut kat dalam(tudung nipis bayang) haram jgk...kalau pkai tudung tp rambut keluar(jambul) haram jgk..
pakai tudung tp pkai baju lengan pendek,haram jgk...pakai tudung singkat,haram jugak..jd tutuplah aurat..WAJIB..faham molek..

8. Masa duduk tahiyat awal, anak datang duduk atas peha...batal tak..?
UAI:"Batal...sekiranya si ayah terkentut"...=)
--> Tak batal sebenarnye..kecuali jika si anak itu dalam keadaan bernajis... dalilnya, pernah satu ketika Rasulullah sedang sujud,cucu baginda iaitu saidina hussin tibe2 naik atas belakang baginda..baginda sujud lama2..tidak terus
bangun kerana fikirkan cucunya xpuas lg bermain dan juga bimbang sekiranya saidina hussin terjatuh jika baginda bangun...dalam solat,boleh meraikan kanak2...

9. "Babpe (sebab ape/kenapa) ustaz tak berpasangan ngan zizan masuk raja lawak...?"
--> Ustaz mengajar untuk tarik minat orang muda..kalau mengajar lurus mendata(straight) aje, orang muda xberapa suke...datang 2,3kali pastu xdtg dh sbb bosan...kena pelbagaikan cara.. Alhamdulillah,orang muda
datang kuliah...yang xsuke datang kuliah,jadi suke datang kuliah...kite nk hasilnye....

10. "Saya suka tengok cerite hantu...sampai takut nk gi ke dapur waktu malam..isteri saya lagi la takut..." =)
Apa hukum tengok cerite hantu...?
--> Sengaja tengok suatu bende yang buat kite takut,tetapi bende takut tu xdk faedah = Makruh... Kalau tengok suatu benda yg membawa takut kepada Akhirat(ALLAH),contohnya tengok orang mati = Sunat...
Jika takut pada bende yang hanya lakonan(filem/drama)..? = maknenye kite 'tak sihat'...=)

11. "Saya nak derma tabung masjid rm10..tetapi terambil duit rm50 dan termasuk ke dlm tabung masjid..boleh tak saya nak mitak balik(baki)...?" =)
--> Boleh mitak balik...dengan syarat kena bersumpah dulu...jika imam x yakin dengan dia,imam xwajib bagi... fikirkan hikmah...mungkin Allah nk bg ganjaran yg besar pd kite...redha aje lah...

12. "Kenapa wanita suka berbelanja..isteri saya janji, sekali ni je-sekali ni je,tp beli jgk"....=)
--> wanita mcm bdk2...suke membeli..contohnye bdk2,pantang tgk mainan terus je nk,padahal mainan dh byk kt umah...mcm juga wanita, padahal baju,kasut byk dlm almari yg xpkai lg..nk beli lg..wanita mmg suke tgk benda yg cantik.. memang tugas
suami cari duit, isteri habiskan duit..kalau bukan isteri yg habiskan duit, siapa lg...kalau bkn isteri,siapa lg yg nk beli periuk,kuali,dll...suami jgn marah..isteri besar jasanya..tlg beranakkan anak, jaga anak2, tlg basuh bju kite,tlg msak,kemaskan umah,dll...

13. "Saya rajin berkerja,taat perintah agama,solat xtinggal...boleh tak nk jd menantu ustaz..?"....=)
-->Boleh...dlm hadis pon nabi berpesan,jika ada seorang lelaki yg beragama dtg meminta anakmu,maka segerakanlah menerimanya... nabi tak syaratkan mengambil menantu yang PANDAI AGAMA ( ulama,ustaz,al- hafiz)...tetapi cukuplah yg JAGA AGAMA(bersolat 5waktu,berpuasa penuh,dll)...

14. Apakah hukumnya mengambil wudhu' dalam keadaan bogel..?
--> "Ulama' sepakat menyatakan HARAM mengambil wudhu' berbogel....di khalayak ramai"...=) Jika didalam bilik air rumah hukumnya makruh...

*Ni je yang sempat saya ambil..Jika ada salah dan silap..silalah tegur...kerana kesilapan itu dtgnye drpd kelemahan diri sy sendiri...sama2 kite belajar(menuntut ilmu) mencari redha Allah dan juga sama-samalah kita berkongsi2...=)...

Dalam satu kisah percintaan yang menarik. Sepasang suami isteri berjalan di tepi sebuah tasik yang indah. Kemudian mereka berhenti di sebuah bangku yang disediakan di tepi tasik. Kemudian si isteri bertanya kepada si suami. Ini dialog mereka



Isteri : Mengapa abang menyukai saya? Mengapa abang cintakan saya?



Suami : Abang tidak boleh menerangkan sebabnya, namun begitu abang memang menyayangi dan mencintai Sayang!



Isteri : Abang tak boleh terangkan sebabnya? Bagaimana abang boleh katakan abang sayang dan cintakan saya sedangkan abang tidak boleh menerangkannya.



Suami : Betul! Abang tak tahu sebabnya tetapi abang boleh buktikan bahawa abang memang cintakan Sayang!



Isteri : Tak boleh beri bukti! Tidak! Saya hendak abang terangkan kepada saya sebabnya. Kawan-kawan saya yang lain yang mempunyai suami dan teman lelaki, semuanya tahu menerangkan mengapa mereka mencintai. Dalam bentuk puisi dan syair lagi. Namun begitu abang tidak boleh terangkan sebabnya.



Si suami menarik nafas panjang dan dia berkata, “Baiklah! Abang mencintai Sayang sebab sayang cantik, mempunyai suara yang merdu, penyayang dan mengingati abang selalu. Abang juga sukakan senyuman manis dan setiap tapak Sayang melangkah, di situlah cinta Abang bersama Sayang!”



Si isteri tersenyum dan berpuas hati dengan penerangan suaminyan. Namun begitu selang beberapa hari si isteri mengalami kemalangan dan koma. Si suami amat bersedih lalu berkata kepada isterinya walaupun isterinya masih dalam keadaan koma kerana si suami tahu bahawa isterinya tetap mendengar,



“Sayang! Jika disebabkan suara aku mencintai mu… sekarang bolehkah engkau bersuara? Tidak! Oleh itu aku tidak boleh mencintaimu.





Jika disebabkan kasih sayang dan ingatan aku mencintai mu…sekarang bolehkah engkau menunjukkannya? Tidak! Oleh itu aku tidak boleh mencintaimu.



Jika disebabkan senyuman aku mencintai mu… sekarang bolehkah engkau tersenyum? Tidak! Oleh itu aku tidak boleh mencintai mu.Jika disebabkan setiap langkah aku mencintaimu…. sekarang bolehkah engkau melangkah? Tidak! Oleh itu aku tidak boleh mencintai mu.



Jika cinta memerlukan sebabnya, seperti sekarang. Aku tidak mempunyai sebab mencintai mu lagi. Adakah cinta memerlukan sebab? Tidak! Aku masih mencintai mu dulu, kini, selamanya dan cinta tidak perlu ada sebab. Kadangkala perkara tercantik dan terbaik di dunia tidak boleh dilihat, dipegang. Namun begitu… ia boleh dirasai dalam hati.”



Maka menitis lah air mata si isteri yang masih dalam keadaan koma itu….



Kesimpulan dalam kisah ini, janganlah bercinta kerana bersyarat, cintalah kita kerana Pencipta kita

♥ AwaK taK taHu yanG jantuNg saYa bErdEgup kENcaNg waLaUpowN hanYa tEngOk gaMbar awaK kaT mUka bUku..

♥ aWaK Tak tAhU yaNg saYa gEmbiRa taK tERkiRa aPabiLa aWaK "LikE" paDa sTaTus saYa aTaU aPa-aPa jEW LaH kaT mUka bUku saYa....

♥ AwaK taK tahU yanG saYa sEnyUm sOraNg-sOraNg maCaM daH aNgaU aPabiLa aWaK "koMeN" kaT sTaTus saYa,biaRpowN hanYa iKoN smiLey kEw aPa kaT mUka bUku saYa...

♥ aWaK taK tahU saYa saKiT hati pabiLa aDa oraNg laiN "komEN" aTaU "likE" sTaTus aWaK,aPa-aPa jew LaH kaT mUka bUkU awaK..

♥ awaK taK tahU saYa tEriNgin saNgat nak "koMeN" n "Like" sTaTus aWaK tApi saYa taKowT aWaK taK baGi rEspoNs.

♥ aWaK taK tahU saYa daH taK bOley naK mENghadap mUka aWaK tEruS sEbaB saYa saNgat maLu.

♥ aWaK tahu taHU yanG saYa dEriTa aPabiLa dApaT taHu aWaK rUpaNya sUka paDa oRaNg LaiN...

♥ aWaK taK tahU yanG saYa saNgaT riNdU aKaN pErsaHaBataN kiTa,waLaUpOwN hanYa di aLaM maYa jEw,taNpa pErnaH bErSua mUka..

♥ DaN saYa raSa, aWaK taKaN tahU sEhiNggaLaH saYa sENdiRi bErhaDapaN dENgan aWaK uNtUk cEritakaN sEgaLanya.♥

CARILAH LELAKI yang MAMPU menjadi IMAM untuk KAMU , Yang MENITISKAN AIR MATANYA apabila MELIHAT KESAKITAN KAMU KETIKA MELAHIRKAN ZURIATNYA , Dan LELAKI yang MEMBANGUNKAN KAMU untuk BERIBADAT BERSAMA - SAMA DI SEPERTIGA MALAM . JIKA PENCARIAN ITU TELAH KAMU TEMUI , JANGAN LUPA BERSYUKUR KEPADA-NYA . jadilah, PERMAISURI HATINYA , PENEMAN DIKALA SUKA dan DUKA, PENGUBAT RINDU dan LARA .

My True Friend

You make me feel so special
by the sweet things that you do,
and sharing your life wonders
your are a friend so true.

Your heart is full of tenderness
your cup overflows with love,
I know that your friendship came
from our dear Lord above.

You are always in my thoughts
as I hope I am in yours,
your friendship is the sweetest fruit
thru which life's blood just pours.

Walk with me as we grow old
please leave me not behind,
keep me always in your prayers
good friends are hard to find.

There are friends who pretend to be friends but there are friends who sticks closer than a brother/sister.....

Boy: Marry me.. ?
Girl: Do you have a house.. ?
Boy: No..
Girl: Do you have a BMW car.. ?
 Boy: No..
Girl: How much is your salary.. ?
Boy: No salary.. but,..
Girl: No but. You have nothing.. How can i marry you.?? Leave please.!!
Boy: (talk to himself) I have one villa, 3 property lands, 3 Ferrari, 2 Porsche.. Why I still need to buy BMW.?! How can I get the salary when actually I'm the BOSS.. =♥ ♥=

inilah aq apa adenya, yg ingin wat mu bahagia, maafkn bilaku xsempurna, sesempurna cintaku kepadamu. ini cintaku apa adanye, yg ingin selalu disampingmu, ku tahu semua tiada yg sempurna, di bawah kolong langit ini. jalan kita masih panjang, ku ingiin kau selalu di sini biaq cinta kita tumbuh harum mewangi, dan dunia menjadi saksinya, untuk apa kita membuang-buang waktu, dengan kata-kata perpisahan. demi cinta kita aq akan menjaga, cinta kita yg telah kita bina, walau hari terus berganti hari lagi, cinta kita abadi selamanya. yakin pada allah bkn lah mengharapkan terkabulnya segala harapan....... yakin pada allah adalah meletakkan keredhaan pada ketentuan-Nya..... rasa bahagia dengan ujian walaupun perit.... air mata yg menitis terasa nilainya untuk menyiram api neraka..... indahnya tarbiah allah,tersiram rahmat dah hikmah..... diuju kita sebagai tanda sayang-Nya.....

Its Madness -
To hate all roses, because you got scratched by one thorn.
To give up all your dreams, because one did not come true.
To lose faith in prayers, because one was not answered.

To give up on your efforts, because one of them failed.
To condemn all your friends, because one of them betrayed.
Not to believe in love, because someone was unfaithful.

Remember that, another chance may come up.
A new friend, A new love, A new life.

Never give up on anything!